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Showing posts with label Directions. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Directions. Show all posts

Friday, March 22, 2024

Industry Loses Scott Elliott

This article was originally published at Directions Magazine on January 20, 2001.

Editor's Note: This article was originally published on the GIS Monitor from TenLinks.com.

Scott Elliott died January 10, 2001, losing a long battle with lung cancer. Scott’s involvement in GIS had a profound impact on the current state of the industry. His data company, Wessex, revolutionized GIS delivery in 1992 when it offered nationwide coverage for about $1,000 - a tiny fraction of what other vendors were charging at the time. The so-called "Wessex effect" not only inspired several other companies to follow suit but more importantly, it allowed the adoption of desktop GIS by many organizations that would otherwise have been shut out of the market.

John Haynes, of Geodata Consultants, recalls the rollout of Wessex data (from a post to MapInfo-L): "I was in Troy in 1992 when Scott unveiled his $995 Wessex product that was every bit as good as the $100,000 U.S. Streets being sold by MapInfo. Because he happened to do it at the MapInfo Reseller conference, his ejection from the group was as dramatic as the boys from Troy could make it. Kind of like those old Western movies where the offending officer was stripped of his buttons with a sword and marched out the gate of the fort to Indian territory."

After Wessex was purchased (first by BLR, then by GDT) Scott moved into publishing. He founded Directions Magazine in 1998, the first online GIS publication of any size. Articles by experts and quick access to breaking news established the site as a required daily stop for the geospatial community.

I first met Scott when I worked at ESRI. We knew him as the "Wessex guy." I’m not sure I realized the impact of his data on desktop GIS in the early 1990s. Scott himself recalled his first MapInfo (DOS) demo in 1989: "I've been enthralled ever since." Desktop GIS was just coming of age in the early 1990s - ArcView and MapInfo were stabilizing and users were realizing its possibilities. Without data, of course, GIS is nothing. And, until Wessex, data - any data - was thousands of dollars. Because Wessex was an ESRI partner, all of the US offices, including mine in Boston, used the data extensively for demonstrations.

The real contribution of Scott and Wessex, however, was awareness. The introduction of low priced data invited users, for the first time, to evaluate their data needs. How much data did they need? How much detail was required? More and more questions about accuracy and availability came to light and made better data consumers of us all. Specialized data providers began to distinguish themselves and find niche markets to call their own. That process continues today.

I was intrigued when Directions Magazine came online. I liked the idea that a GIS insider was writing and serving GIS information. Scott’s first breaking story - the announcement of Microsoft’s mapping/GIS product MapPoint - brought much of the GIS community to his site. Scott even started a companion publication to cover MapPoint, MP2K.

Bill Davenhall, of ESRI, one of Scott’s first customers and longtime friend, puts it this way: "It’s difficult for me to think about a world without the penetrating ideas of Scott. He seemed to have a never-ending supply of ideas that challenged every part of the business geographics community. I am quite sure that I will never forget the day he introduced the world to his Wessex street files. Back then I called his move "like dropping a depth charge into snake infested waters." Now -- almost eight years later -- I realize that Scott launched a whole new generation of GIS practitioners, and frankly, that was what Scott was about: breaking down barriers that kept the masses out. I will certainly miss Scott and his unquenchable enthusiasm for challenging the status quo of our industry and always pushing the envelope of where this exciting technology could lead."

I was a daily visitor to Directions during my tenure at ESRI. Today a great many links at TenLinks are to articles at Directions. The future will reveal the full extent of Scott Elliott’s impact on our industry.

Funeral services were held January 13, 2001, in Winnetka, IL. Scott was 52 years old. He is survived by his wife, Jane, and his son, Johnny.

Ten Things You Need to Know about Open Source Geospatial Software

This article was originally published at Directions Magazine on February 22, 2012.

1) Open Source Geospatial Software

Open source geospatial software refers to GIS, GPS, spatial data management and related developer tools and end user applications delivered with an open source license.

Some people use the term FOSS4G, meaning Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial, to describe this set of software. FOSS4G is the name of an event hosted by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo, more on this organization in #6 below).

2) Open Source Licensing

An open source license must meet the definition developed by the Open Source Initiative. This non-profit corporation details the 10 criteria in a very readable document.  Two of the criteria are:
  • free redistribution of the software
  • inclusion of its source code
Licenses that comply with the definition are listed on the website. Software packages, libraries and other code distributed under these licenses are accurately described as open source. Some software products are free to download and freely distributed but not open source. For example, Google Earth, while free of charge for non-commercial use, is not open source because it is not distributed under an open source license.

3) Open Source Software is Written by a Community

Open source software is written by a community rather than a development team associated with a single software company. Participants from all over the world contribute via the Web. Some do this as part of their “day jobs,” while others volunteer.

A project steering committee or other group keeps order and manages contributions, bug lists and source control. Because the source is available, changes to a local implementation can be made immediately, though changes to the accepted current version may take time to be incorporated.

4) The Opposite of Open Source is Closed Source or Proprietary Software, not Commercial Software

Open source software is (among other things noted in the definition cited above) delivered with its source code. Closed source (aka proprietary) software does not necessarily provide source code, though it can. That does not make it open source; to be open source it must meet all the criteria and carry an approved license.

Both closed source (proprietary) software and open source software are commercial software. That is, they can both be used to make money. Open source providers offer services (such as training, installation and customization) or related software (installation packages, tutorials, etc.).

5) Open Source Software is “Just” Software

Open source software shares quite a lot with closed source software. Both can be buggy or stable, have a slick user interface or a clunky one, be well documented or poorly documented, be easy to use or difficult to use. Nothing about the development, licensing, distribution or cost of the software necessarily makes open source stronger or weaker on any of these criteria.

That said, open source advocates suggest that programmers are more diligent if they know the world will be seeing their code. They also suggest that open source innovations can proliferate more quickly among both open source and closed source packages.

6) OSGeo is the Body for Open Source Geospatial Software

Modeled after the Apache Foundation, the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo), which dates back to 2005, “was created to support the collaborative development of open source geospatial software, and promote its widespread use.” It helps organize, manage and incubate selected FOSS4G projects (found on its homepage). Many open source geospatial projects also live and thrive outside of OSGeo.

7) Open Source and Open Standards-based Software are not the Same Thing

Open source geospatial software must be distributed under an open source license. Open standards-based geospatial software packages/projects implement one or more open standards (such as those from the Open Geospatial Consortium or the World Wide Web Consortium) but can be distributed under any type of license. That said, many open source geospatial projects work hard to implement standards to ensure the software can interoperate with proprietary packages and data types. OSGeo includes support of open standards as one of its goals. However, some confusion exists because the terms are similar, but as noted, they are distinctly different.

8) Implementing Open Source Software May Cost Money

Open source software is distributed for free. Just like some proprietary software, it can be acquired, installed and used easily (e.g., Angry Birds), or it may require specialized consulting (e.g., SAP). An individual may be able to install, learn and use Quantum GIS (QGIS, an open sourced desktop GIS with a short learning curve), but an organization may need weeks or months of consulting to implement an enterprise GIS built on GeoServer, PostGIS and OpenLayers. Again, open source software is “just” software.

9) Mixing and Matching Open Source and Proprietary Software

Software developers and software users mix and match open source and proprietary software all the time. Esri’s ArcGIS, for example, includes the open source GDAL (raster handling) library. The license for GDAL, X/MIT, allows it to be embedded in other products.

Some Web mapping apps (CrowdMap, for one) tap into Google’s proprietary Google Maps API but render the results via open source MapLayers. Open APIs and support for open standards technically enable hybrid solutions, while carefully thought-out licenses make them legal.

10) Geodata and Open Source Licensing Don’t Mix

Open source licenses are designed for software, not data. There are other licenses appropriate for data. For example, the OpenStreetMap Foundation has been moving from a Creative Commons license (a license for creative works) to the Open Database License, ODBL.

Special thanks to Peter Batty for reviewing this article for accuracy.


Pitney Bowes' Strategy: Resurrect and Reinvent


This article was originally published at Directions Magazine on May 15, 2014.

Introduction

Pitney Bowes held a day-and-a-half meeting for 15 market research analysts on April 22-24 in San Francisco. The larger market research firms such as Gartner, IDC and Forrester, as well as niche firms such as Ventana Research, were in attendance. The goal was to introduce the company’s plans related to GIS, location intelligence and customer information management. Directions Magazine was the only publication invited to attend and Executive Editor Adena Schutzberg shares her key takeaways.

Where PB Is; Where It’s Going

Pitney Bowes (PB) is an old company; it celebrated its 94th anniversary as we met in San Francisco. It serves three key business areas:

  • mailing and shipping solutions
  • digital commerce solutions
  • enterprise business solutions
  • Desktop - MapInfo Professional (and its extensions from PB Crime Profiler and Discover and third parties)
  • Spatial Server - Spectrum Spatial (and its modules)
  • Spatial Data - Over 350 unique datasets in 240 geographies worldwide (one of the most popular is a global boundaries dataset; apparently no one had tackled that at the level required for today’s social media needs)
  • 32-bit for those still using those operating systems, expected in June
  • 64-bit for those using a new version of Windows, expected in October
  • just work
  • are easy to use
  • there are lots of ways to integrate them with other products (Clarence Hempfield, director and principal manager, Location Intelligence, used the term “fairly open” at one point describing Spectrum Spatial)
  • scale well from the desktop to the enterprise
  • grid tools (crucial to telcos) are (and will) be very valuable
  • Location Intelligence
  • Geocoding (global)
  • Enterprise Tax (U.S. only - tells you what tax goes with a location)
  • Enterprise Routing (30 countries)
  • MapInfo Manager (centralized library of spatial assets)
  • Spectrum Spatial for BI (tool to plug into BI systems, nine of them right now)
  • Spectrum Spatial Analyst (a confusing name for technology to host the solution locally vs. in the cloud)
  • Geocomplete (like Google autocomplete, but for addresses; clients can use their own datasets to power it)
  1. Navigation and people finding direct revenues (fee for a service) peaked in 2010 and continue to decline. There are now a wide variety of free offering in these spaces monetized in other ways, notably via advertising.
  1. Location, time and connectivity are built into virtually all new software offerings.
  1. Engagement, that is, actual use of the installed applications, is a big challenge for providers. In short, people download and install the apps, but don’t actually use them.

Among the key growth areas are customer information management, location intelligence, customer engagement and e-commerce. What’s really happening, said Roger Pilc, executive vice president and chief innovation officer, is that we are moving from a world of physical products and interactions, to those on the Web, to mobile (about where we are now) to a future world with broader digitization links to people, machines, physical objects and logistics. PB is working to be part of the present and future of these changes. The plan is to focus on business outcomes since that’s what CEOs are demanding. To get there, Pilc said, the company is pursuing multi-disciplinary, globally networked efforts and effective execution.

All of which boils down to this: PB is doing new things, with new people (the new CEO, Marc B. Lautenbach joined in December 2012) in a revitalized company. The rest of the meeting focused on the details.

The Opportunity

James Brayshaw, vice president of Location Intelligence for EMEA, joined PB from Ordnance Survey last year. He discussed the opportunities in the location intelligence areas that are growing. In EMEA, versus the situation in the United States, there is growth in GIS and in particular in local government. He noted 1,000+ targets in the region, about half of which are existing customers and half will be new customers. As an example, he discussed the use of heat imaging and GIS to find illegal housing of immigrants in Slough, UK.

Site selection opportunities are moving beyond the “where do we put the new store or service center” and more toward solving pick-up and delivery challenges related to online ordering via desktop or mobile devices.

There are also opportunities in natural resource exploration and extraction. Mining is a growing industry for PB in Australia and potentially elsewhere.

PB Enables Commerce

James Buckley, senior vice president and general manager of Location Intelligence, was the first to introduce the idea that PB is a commerce enabler. That idea was reinforced later when Bill Borrelle, senior vice president of Brand Strategy and Integrated Marketing Communications, discussed rebranding and suggested that the company’s core belief might be that it’s a catalyst of commerce.

That connection of PB to commerce is easy to see in the context of its tools used to clean and confirm addresses for online sales, such as large multi-national retailers. It’s also easy to see how social media players such as Facebook and Twitter use PB’s reverse geocoding to tag posts for potential use in advertising that enables commerce. It’s perhaps a bit less clear when thinking of a local government using MapInfo to manage parcels. But, when you consider government as an enterprise, commerce is an essential component since it enables assessment and ensures correct payment of taxes. So perhaps, one of PB’s core value propositions is enabling commerce for both private entities as well as governments.

Current Product Mix

While there are many named products in PB’s location intelligence portfolio, in essence, it breaks down into just three:

The Market Needs Educating

A question posed about the new remote sensing companies (PlanetLabs/Skybox, etc.) and their role in PB’s plans prompted an interesting response from Buckley. He pointed to Jeff Vining of Gartner who observed that CEOs in a variety of companies are enamored with these players, but are not really sure how the data can save their companies’ money or create revenue.

I think that’s been the case with GIS and business geographics for some time. The new imaging products are just the latest iteration of “new” data types. Still, it’s worth noting that the companies who come out on top will be those that make the best case for how to take advantage of new datasets and how related analysis will benefit the customer. We noted in a recent podcast that the companies offering these new imagery products were currently rather short on use cases.

Two New Versions of MapInfo Professional in 2014

Rose Winterton, director of GIS and Applications for Location Intelligence, explained that PB plans two new releases of MapInfo Professional this year:

A new layout designer that can directly access the map for edits is included in both versions. That may eliminate exporting the layout to another design tool before printing, a step some users currently include in their workflow. A new ribbon user interface (64-bit version only) will provide a new look and feel more akin to Microsoft Office.

The 64-bit version will offer multi-threading for many processes (more to come) and will improve the speed of data crunching, something users made clear was required.

PB is merging its two previously acquired raster products, Vertical Mapper and Discover, for a release this October. The release will include a subset of the expected final functionality and will become part of the core MapInfo Pro product. Enhanced functionality including a raster SDK, raster calculator and query engine will be part of the premium licensing (extra fee) which currently provides access to Bing imagery and OpenStreetMap. The format used in the new grid solution is proprietary; Buckley shared that the team looked at potential open formats but none had the required functionality to support size and speed requirements.

From a marketing standpoint, this is a key release. Recent releases provided meager steps forward and many existing users chose not to upgrade. Early customer testers described the new release as “not a new release but a transformation.” Hopefully it will reinvigorate the users, get them to upgrade and sign on for maintenance as they learn the new plans for what had seemed to be an ignored product.

Future MapInfo Pro Enhances and Tech Challenges

A current mobile solution for Android and iOS, Confirm Connect allows users to perform spatial database maintenance via a map interface. PB will use what was learned in its development to create a simple solution for MapInfo Professional users to extend use of spatial data into the field. The plan is for a generic customizable product for field data capture. An enterprise version would connect to Spectrum Spatial.

Workflow Designer is envisioned to enable a simple way, using a visual interface, for users to capture and replay a workflow without coding it in MapBasic. The workflow would be sharable on a server and be accessible to anyone in the enterprise.

PB knows it must explore solutions to overcome the limitations of its TAB file format and improve data performance. It also knows it needs to further explore 3D, as the current solution, Discover 3D, needs a refresh and expansion to areas beyond the geosciences. The company is pondering if the best solution is to buy, build or partner to address 3D requirements. PB realizes that the future of operating systems may not be Windows and that iOS or Android may be the operating system that introduces 20- and 30-year-olds to location intelligence and GIS technology. Winterton also acknowledged explorations were underway regarding alternatives to MapBasic, individual database solutions, and a geoprocessing server.

The Autodesk Relationship

PB announced a strategic relationship with Autodesk in 2012 to better integrate Autodesk products (AutoCAD, Infraworks) with MapInfo Professional. The products can share data and several customers are proving the value proposition. Still, Buckley noted, the growth of the relationship and program “has taken longer than expected.” Autodesk, Brayshaw explained, is doing well “sticking to its knitting,” which I understood as “backing off of GIS and focusing on other areas.”

Geosk: What Happened?

PB partnered with WeoGeo (recently acquired by Trimble) to build Geosk, a tool for MapInfo users to clip out small bits of commercial geospatial data for download. The objective was to solve some data demand needs and ideally provide incremental income for data providers. The product barely launched before it was shuttered. Why? Buckley explained that while there was a small pain point that demanded such a solution, it was simply not large enough to drive Geosk as a viable service. I appreciated the candor of this response and hope it’s a good omen for the new teams to take chances, but to fail fast.

Why do Partners Like Working with PB?

SGSI, once known as Schlosser Geographic Systems, Inc., is a long-time MapInfo/PB partner. It’s one of the most successful, with several Partner of the Year awards. The small company (six!) serves some well-known telecommunications companies. So, why has the firm stood by MapInfo and PB for all these years? Per John Tinker, president at SGSI, the solutions:

Enterprise Location Intelligence is Hot

So, what’s the fastest growing product in the PB GIS/LI/Enterprise space? Spectrum Spatial. I confess, as someone more focused on GIS, Spectrum never made a big impression on me. But now I understand what it is and why it’s selling so well.

Spectrum Spatial is a platform where all the processes of enterprise location intelligence solution “live.” Each process basically becomes a module and clients can pick and choose which ones they need. On the list of modules:

PB is known for its geocoding tools and currently supports 122 countries at the point or street level, and 240 countries or territories at the postal code or place level. The geocoding dataset is updated monthly. Reverse geocoding, putting a meaningful location name to a lat/long, is now almost as popular as geocoding. Why? It’s needed to create value for all of those social media check-ins and status updates. Exactly two companies offer such a service. PB’s has two advantages. First, it allows users to reverse geocode against their own datasets (for example, a bank’s database of ATMs, not all ATMs). The second advantage? The other company already has a social media offering and can be considered a competitor to some potential customers.

Future LBS/Social Media Products

Jon Spinney is director of Product Management of Location Intelligence. He set the stage to explore PB’s location-based services (LBS) and social media offerings by offering some factoids:

PB, therefore, plans to offer unique, simple services to help these providers enhance their earnings.

Spinney and perhaps PB see location-based services and social media as a pair. Is it possible that in 2014, they are essentially the same thing? If every service embeds location and nearly every one also includes its social tools, links to a social platform, or a gamification component, it makes sense to think of them as one.

Rebranding Pitney Bowes

Bill Borrelle is the new senior vice president of Brand Strategy and Integrated Marketing Communications. Borrelle’s last job was CEO of mcgarry bowen, a New York advertising agency where he was involved in rebranding United Airlines. His team decided to rekindle the “Fly the Friendly Skies” phrase. Why? Because the tag line spoke to a key need of the now merged United and Continental teams: the need to feel good about their brand and empower that friendly airline to grow and maintain a loyal following.

At Pitney Bowes the challenge is different. The brand, if it’s known at all, is associated with its original business in postal meters. The good news is that existing customers understand what the company does and they recommend it. But those who do not know the company don’t share that feeling.

Borrelle and his team thus need to resurrect and reinvent the brand. The good news is that PB has some solid evidence to fuel a new understanding of the company’s role in commerce. For example, noting that the company powers the location infrastructure at Twitter makes people nod, and talk about that on social media, as the company found out in the days after the announcement. Expect similarly head-turning announcements in the coming weeks. The first, a partnership with SAP, was announced earlier this month.

Exactly what PB’s belief system will be and if it will use a new logo are still unclear, but it sounds like the data needed to make those decisions are being collected. Expect a gentle, “dimmer to brighter” rollout of the new branding in the fourth quarter.

My Take

This is a shiny, new, re-energized version of Pitney Bowes. I’ve been following the company since it acquired MapInfo in 2007. There are lots of new faces and frankly quite a bit of positive energy. There’s also a recognition of some missteps and a focus on making things right, both in the product line and for customers. There also seems to be a strong commitment to ask for the input of, and actually listen to, existing customers to develop product and communications plans. All of the speakers were carefully listening to questions, observations and comments from the analysts. This group is not shy.

I, for one, came away from this briefing excited. And, I can’t say I’ve ever felt that way about Pitney Bowes before.

The real proof, of course, is in the execution. Can this revamped PB execute product improvements and innovations as promised? Can it stir its somewhat lost MapInfo user base? Can it begin to speak to the potential customers who have yet to meet the brand? Time will tell.

Disclosure: Pitney Bowes covered travel, lodging and meals for this event.

Top Ten of 2008 - Why is this year different from all others?

This article was originally published at Directions Magazine on December 18, 2008.

I sat down to write my annual list of "10 events, ideas, themes, products, etc. that stood out over the preceding 12 months" but found it more difficult than usual. There were some things I "could" talk about (John King and the Magic Wall, the iPhone, geotagging as mainstream, warehouse appliances and XML databases), but they really weren't standouts. There were some "continuations" of existing trends (open source, cloud computing, Web 2.x/3.x) but again, nothing that shook the foundations of our industry. In the end, I deemed the list "lame." My editor-in-chief, Joe Francica, agreed with my description and noted a few things that I might have added (spatial regression, SQL Server 2008 with geo support, GeoEye-1), but even those felt like "more of the same." Don't get me wrong, I see progress, but nothing like the things I'd identified and felt strongly about in past years.

GeoEye-1 imagery, like this "first image" of Kutztown University, will provide .5 meter resolution to the world via Google's mapping properties. (Image courtesy GeoEye) 

So, what's going on? Is it me? Am I, and I hate to ask this question because it makes me feel old, getting jaded? Have I reached a "there's nothing new under the sun" view of geospatial technology? I don't think so. Some things excited me quite a bit this year, including ESRI's vision of data finding via Google tools and the introduction of FortiusOne's Maker!. I'm guilty of not following up much on these. Still, they are both having an impact of sorts. Regarding data "findability," I was jazzed to see GeoServer's new tools for making geodata findable via a Google search, which launched this past week. As for Maker!, I'm happy to report that the reporter from the Boston Globe who called about a "Year in Maps" article, found the Dataset of the Day series on the Off the Map Blog terrific.

Am I looking in the right places? Certainly my "sources" for news about geospatial have exploded in the past year or so with more e-mails, press releases, blogs, tweets, podcasts, videos and, thankfully, fewer phone calls. Is it possible that the variety of communications channels has spread the "news" so thin that none of it achieves "critical mass" such that it makes an impression on me? I would not discount that explanation, but it's certainly not the whole story.


One of my sources, the GeoSpatial News Aggregator. 

Or is it, as Joe Francica noted in a recent editorial, that we've crossed a chasm and are now in a mode of "diversity, segmentation and focus"? And if so, what do those three terms mean for finding "10 events, ideas, themes, products, etc. that have stood out over the preceding 12 months" that speak to our entire community? In pondering this situation further, I think the diversity of uses and users, from those who mash-up to those creating new spatial algorithms for vector and raster data, reinforces that we are less likely now, perhaps than ever, to point to the same "big events, launches, trends." The segmentation Francica points to does the same thing. The implementation of an enterprise GIS may well include a geospatial appliance, but only the system administrator may know about it. The analyst at her desk may be querying data faster but analyzing data in ArcGIS as she always did. Thus, the selection and implementation of a solution from a Netezza or Teradata may not be on her radar. Similarly, those geospatial practitioners who manage the datastore in those databases may not really notice that data being fed in aren't from a commercial vendor, but from OpenStreetMap. To him, there's no difference; it's just "data." Francica's ideas regarding focus are applicable here, too. At one time it seemed ESRI, Autodesk, Intergraph and MapInfo (and others) were in the same business, GIS. Today, they most assuredly are not. They deal in (these are my terms, not the vendors) broad geospatial technology, infrastructure, security/military/intelligence and business-focused location intelligence, respectively.


OpenStreetMap data rocks some GIS users' worlds, but not others'. 

What does all this say about the state of geospatial technology? I think Francica has it exactly right - it's mature. I know that I miss that users can't all sit in a room together and get "wowed" by the same new technology, as perhaps we did even five, let alone 10 or 15 years ago. On the other hand, we can still appreciate that advances in other corners, while not directly touching us now, may in time, or via new connections between our data, applications and hardware.


Each runner has different preferences, but all share a love of running. (Photo (c) Larry Sandhaas, used with permission.) (I'm the "cutoff" person on the left; Howl at the Moon, Danville, IL)

The analogy I'm holding in my head as I write this involves my running club. We are some 400 strong. Some like to race short distances (less than a mile), others longer (six to ten miles), others even longer (26 to 50 to 100 miles). Some don't race at all. Some like to run in the woods; some wouldn't ever try that. Some like to run alone, others in large unwieldy packs. What holds us together? We all like to run. Within geospatial, we may be pulled to a particular disciplinary use of the technology (forestry, health care, agriculture), or part of the technology stack (database, middleware, application), or hardware solution (desktop, field unit, mobile phone), but we are all pulled to this technology by love or money. So, perhaps it doesn't matter that we don't now, and may not for some time, identify the same year-end inventory list of great steps forward.